

@article {8707,
	title = {{Environmental Temperature Controls Cryptosporidium Oocyst Metabolic Rate and Associated Retention of Infectivity}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {71},
	number = {7},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {3848{\textendash}3857},
	abstract = {Oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum placed in artificial seawater at salinities of 10, 20, and 30 ppt at 10{\textdegree}C and at 10 ppt at 20{\textdegree}C were infectious after 12 weeks. Those placed in seawater at 20 ppt and 30 ppt at 20{\textdegree}C were infectious for 8 and 4 weeks, respectively. These findings suggested that oocysts could survive in estuarine waters long enough to be removed by filter feeders such as oysters. Thereafter, 30 Eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, were collected with a dredge or with hand tongs at each of six sites within Maryland tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay in May and June and in August and September of 1997. Hemocytes and gill washings from all oysters were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts by immunofluorescence microscopy utilizing a commercially available kit containing fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated monoclonal antibodies. Giardia was not detected by this method from any of the 360 oysters examined. Presumptive identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts was made in either hemocytes or gill washings of oysters from all six sites both times that surveys were conducted. In addition, during August and September, for each of the six sites, hemocytes from the 30 oysters were pooled and gill washings from the oysters were pooled. Each pool was delivered by gastric intubation to a litter of neonatal mice to produce a bioassay for oocyst infectivity. Intestinal tissue from two of three mice that received gill washings from oysters collected at a site near a large cattle farm and shoreline homes with septic tanks was positive for developmental stages of C. parvum. These findings demonstrate for the first time that oysters in natural waters harbor infectious C. parvum oocysts and can serve as mechanical vectors of this pathogen.},
	keywords = {Compound parabolic concentrator, Cryptosporidium parvum, Environmental factors, Factorial design, Mouse, Oocyst viability, Solar disinfection},
	isbn = {0001-706X},
	issn = {0001706X},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.7.3848-3857.2005},
	author = {King, J.K. and Keegan, A.R. and Monis, P.T. and Saint, C.P.}
}
