

@article {8704,
	title = {{One-year monthly quantitative survey of noroviruses, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses in wastewater collected from six plants in Japan}},
	journal = {Water Research},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1441{\textendash}1448},
	abstract = {Sewerage systems are important nodes to monitor human enteric pathogens transmitted via water. A quantitative virus survey was performed once a month for a year to understand the seasonal profiles of noroviruses genotype 1 and genotype 2, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses in sewerage systems. A total of 72 samples of influent, secondary-treated wastewater before chlorination and effluent were collected from six wastewater treatment plants in Japan. Viruses were successfully recovered from 100 ml of influent and 1000 ml of the secondary-treated wastewater and effluent using the acid rinse method. Viruses were determined by the RT-PCR or PCR method to obtain the most probable number for each sample. All the samples were also assayed for fecal coliforms (FCs) by a double-layer method. The seasonal profiles of noroviruses genotype 1 and genotype 2 in influent were very similar, i.e. they were abundant in winter (from November to March) at a geometric mean value of 190 and 200 RT-PCR units/ml, respectively, and less frequent in summer (from June to September), at 4.9 and 9.1 RT-PCR units/ml, respectively. The concentrations of enteroviruses and adenoviruses were mostly constant all the year round, 17 RT-PCR units/ml and 320 PCR units/ml in influent, and 0.044 RT-PCR units/ml and 7.0 PCR units/ml in effluent, respectively. ?? 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Indigenous enteric viruses, Norovirus, Quantitative PCR, treatment efficiency, wastewater},
	isbn = {0043-1354 (Print)$\backslash$r0043-1354 (Linking)},
	issn = {00431354},
	doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2007.10.029},
	author = {Katayama, Hiroyuki and Haramoto, Eiji and Oguma, Kumiko and Yamashita, Hiromasa and Tajima, Atsushi and Nakajima, Hideichiro and Ohgaki, Shinichiro}
}
