

@article {808,
	title = {Nested multiplex {PCR} assay for detection of human enteric viruses in shellfish and sewage.},
	journal = {Journal of virological methods},
	volume = {125},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {111-118},
	abstract = {Environmental samples and contaminated shellfish present frequently low concentrations of more than one viral species. For this reason, a nested multiplex {RT-PCR} was developed for the detection of adenoviruses, enteroviruses and hepatitis A viruses in different environmental samples such as urban sewage and shellfish. This assay will save time and cost for detection of these enteric viruses with a smaller sample volume, which otherwise can be a limiting factor in routine analysis. The limit of detection was approximately 1 copy for adenovirus and 10 copies for enterovirus and hepatitis A virus per {PCR} reaction using titrated cell-cultured viruses as template material. In shellfish and environmental samples, this multiplex {PCR} was optimized to detect all three viruses simultaneously when the concentration of each virus was equal or lower than 1000 copies per {PCR} reaction. This is the level found predominantly in the environment and in shellfish when the numbers of fecal bacterial and phage indicators are low. The detection of human adenoviruses by {PCR} has been suggested as a molecular index of fecal contamination of human origin in the environment and food and the multiplex assay developed may be a tool for evaluating the presence of viral contamination in shellfish and water and to expand microbiological control to include viral markers.},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.009},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.009},
	author = {Formiga-Cruz, Meritxell and Hundesa, Ayalkibet and Clemente-Casares, Pilar and Albi{\~n}ana-Gimenez, Nestor and Allard, Annika and Girones, Rosina}
}
