

@article {805,
	title = {Norovirus and rotavirus survival in urine collected from a public ecological sanitation system in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.},
	journal = {Food and environmental virology},
	volume = {7},
	number = {1},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {41-48},
	abstract = {Urine from urine-diversion toilets {(UDTs)} is routinely used as fertilizer for urban agriculture in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Because urine from {UDTs} can be accidentally spoiled by feces, we determined whether virulent enteric viruses could persist in urine that is used for agricultural purposes and pose a threat to human health. Urine samples {(N} = 60) were first collected from 42 {UDTs} during the months of January and February 2012 in Ouagadougou and screened negative for the presence of norovirus {(NoV)} and group A rotavirus {(RV).} Composite urine from five collection sites was used to determine whether spiked murine norovirus {(MNV)} and group A bovine rotavirus {(boRVA)} could remain infectious at 15, 25, and 42 {\&\#xB0;C} over an incubation period of 42 days in phosphate buffered saline (control) and urine. For both viruses, infectivity was determined by plaque assay and the presence of viral genome was evaluated by real-time {RT-PCR.} A decrease in the infectious titer was observed in composite urines that were experimentally seeded with {MNV} and {boRVA.} The decrease in the infectious titer was greater for {MNV} than for {boRVA.} Given that {MNV} was more labile to urine than {boRVA} was, {MNV} and {boRVA} genomes were still detectable after the 42 and 49 days incubation period for {MNV} and {boRVA,} respectively. Our data using substitutes of human {NoV} and {RV} suggested that there is a virucidal activity of urine against {RVs} and {NoVs,} given that the effect was lesser for {RV.} In spite of disappointing results for {boRVA,} the use of urine as fertilizer is still promising provided that future safety studies are extended to other enteric viruses.},
	doi = {10.1007/s12560-014-9172-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12560-014-9172-2},
	author = {Makaya, Joseph M and Kaplon, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Fremy, C{\'e}line and Barro, Nicolas and Aho, Serge and Pothier, Pierre and Belliot, Ga\"el and Traor{\'e}, Alfred S}
}
