

@article {7922,
	title = {{Molecular detection and genotyping of human noroviruses in influent and effluent water at a wastewater treatment plant in Japan}},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology},
	volume = {112},
	number = {3},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {605{\textendash}613},
	abstract = {AIMS: To investigate the prevalence, seasonality and genotype distribution of human noroviruses (NoVs) in wastewater in Japan.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nMETHODS AND RESULTS: Influent and effluent water samples were collected monthly for a year from a wastewater treatment plant and examined for the presence of genogroups I and II (GI and GII) NoVs. Using real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays, 12 (100{\%}) influent and six (50{\%}) effluent samples were positive for both GI and GII NoV genomes, with a higher prevalence in winter. A total of 152 different NoV strains, comprising 84 GI and 68 GII strains, were identified using seminested RT-PCR assays followed by cloning and sequence analysis. These strains were classified into nine GI genotypes (GI/1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12 and 14) and 13 GII genotypes (GII/1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15 and 16), showing considerable genetic diversity.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: Based on the partial capsid gene sequences, we identified a great number of NoV strains belonging to many genotypes, demonstrating that genetically diverse NoV strains are co-circulating in aquatic environments and human populations.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nSIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our results clearly demonstrate the seasonal trend and genetic diversity of NoVs in wastewater.},
	keywords = {Genotyping, Molecular Epidemiology, Noroviruses, Real-time RT-PCR assay, Seminested RT-PCR assay, wastewater},
	isbn = {1364-5072},
	issn = {13645072},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05231.x},
	author = {Kitajima, M. and Haramoto, E. and Phanuwan, C. and Katayama, H. and Furumai, H.}
}
