

@article {7707,
	title = {Detection and typing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and analysis of indicator organisms in three waterborne outbreaks in Finland},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {69},
	number = {3},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Detection and typing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and analysis of indicator organisms in three waterborne outbreaks in Finland; 192; J English Article Hanninen, ML, Univ Helsinki, Dept Food \& Environm Hyg, POB 57, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland 11 AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY WASHINGTON 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOL MAR Discipline: Biotechnology \& Applied Microbiology; Microbiology 653LA NOT IN FILE 0099-2240 Univ Helsinki, Dept Food \& Environm Hyg, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Food \& Environm Lab, Varkaus, Finland. Lahti Res Lab, Lahti, Finland. Dept Environm Hlth, Vihti, Finland. Kuopio Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Microbiol, SF-70210 Kuopio, Finland. Cent Hosp Paijat Hame, Dept Clin Microbiol, Lahti, Finland. Natl Publ Hlth Lab, Kuopio, Finland. Univ Helsinki, Dept Bacteriol \& Immunol, Haartman Inst, Helsinki, Finland. HUCH Lab Diagnost, Helsinki, Finland.; ID: 83},
	pages = {1391-1396},
	abstract = {Waterborne outbreaks associated with contamination of drinking water by Campylobacter jejuni are rather common in the Nordic countries Sweden, Norway, and Finland, where in sparsely populated districts groundwater is commonly used without disinfection. Campylobacters, Escherichia coli, or other coliforms have rarely been detected in potential sources. We studied three waterborne outbreaks in Finland caused by C. jejuni and used sample volumes of 4,000 to 20,000 ml for analysis of campylobacters; and sample volumes of 1 to 5,000 ml for analysis of coliforms and E. coli, depending on the sampling site. Multiple samples obtained from possible sources (water distribution systems and environmental water sources) and the use of large sample volumes (several liters) increased the chance of detecting the pathogen C. jejuni in water. Filtration of a large volume (1,000 to 2,000 ml) also increased the rate of detection of coliforms and E. coli. To confirm the association between drinking water contamination and illness, a combination of Penner serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (digestion with SmaI and KpnI) was found to be useful. This combination reliably verified similarity or dissimilarity of C. jejuni isolates from patient samples, from drinking water, and from other environmental sources, thus confirming the likely reservoir of an outbreak},
	keywords = {Campylobacter jejuni, CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI, CAMPYLOBACTERS, COLI, coliform, Coliforms, Contamination, COUNTRIES, Detection, Diseases, Disinfection, distribution system, DISTRIBUTION-SYSTEMS, Drinking, drinking water, DRINKING-WATER, Escherichia coli, ESCHERICHIA-COLI, FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS, Filtration, FINLAND, GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS, GENOTYPES, Indicator, infections, JEJUNI, Microbiology, Norway, OUTBREAK, OUTBREAKS, SAMPLES, SYSTEM, SYSTEMS, water, WATERBORNE OUTBREAK},
	author = {Hanninen,M. L. and Haajanen,H. and Pummi,T. and Wermundsen,K. and Katila,M. L. and Sarkkinen,H. and Miettinen,I. and Rautelin,H.}
}
