

@article {7673,
	title = {Microbial groundwater quality and its health implications for a border-strip irrigated dairy farm catchment, South Island, New Zealand},
	journal = {Journal of Water and Health JID - 101185420},
	volume = {6 (1)},
	year = {2008},
	note = {SB: IM; SO: J Water Health. 2008 Mar;6(1):83-98.},
	pages = {83-98},
	abstract = {<p>Intensification of dairying on irrigated pastures has led to concern over the microbial quality of shallow groundwater used for drinking purposes. The effects of intensive dairying and border-strip irrigation on the leaching of E. coli and Campylobacter to shallow groundwater were assessed over a three-year period in the Waikakahi catchment, Canterbury, New Zealand. Well selection excluded other sources of contamination so that the effect of dairying with border-strip irrigation could be assessed. Groundwater samples (135) were collected, mostly during the irrigation season, with E. coli being detected in 75\% of samples. Campylobacter was identified in 16 samples (12\%). A risk assessment of drinking water with these levels of Campylobacter was undertaken. A probability distribution was fitted to the observed Campylobacter data and the @RISK modeling software was used, assuming a dose response relationship for Campylobacter and consumption of 1 L/day of water. The probability of infection on any given day in the study area was estimated at 0.50\% to 0.76\%, giving an estimated probability of infection during the irrigation season of 60\% to 75\%. An epidemiological assessment of the Canterbury region comparing areas encompassing dairy within major irrigation schemes (approximately 55\% border-strip irrigation) to two control groups was undertaken. Control group 1 (CG1) encompasses areas of dairying without major irrigation schemes, and a second larger control group (CG2) comprises the rest of the Canterbury region. Comparisons of the subject group to control groups indicated that there was a statistically significant increase in age-standardised rates of campylobacteriosis (CG1 Relative Risk (RR)=1.51 (95\% CI = 1.31-1.75); CG2 RR = 1.51 (1.33-1.72)); cryptosporidiosis (CG1 RR = 2.08 (1.55-2.79); CG2 RR = 5.33 (4.12-6.90)); and salmonellosis (CG2 RR = 2.05 (1.55-2.71)). FAU - Close, Murray</p>
},
	keywords = {*Dairying, *Water Microbiology, AID - 10.2166/wh.2007.020 doi], Campylobacter Infections/*epidemiology, Campylobacter/isolation \& purification, CRDT- 2007/11/14 09:00, EDAT- 2007/11/14 09:00, Escherichia coli Infections/*epidemiology, Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification, Fresh Water/*microbiology, Humans, MHDA- 2008/05/08 09:00, New Zealand/epidemiology, PST - ppublish, Risk Assessment},
	isbn = {1477-8920; 1477-8920},
	author = {Close,M. and Dann,R. F. and Ball,A. F. and Pirie,R. F. and Savill,M. F. and Smith,Z.}
}
