

@article {716,
	title = {Removal of waterborne bacteria from surface water and groundwater by cost-effective household water treatment systems (HWTS): A sustainable solution for improving water quality in rural communities of Africa},
	journal = {Water SA},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2013},
	month = {07/2013},
	pages = {445-456},
	abstract = {<div class="rtejustify">In this study 5 household water-treatment devices/systems (HWTS) were constructed using inexpensive local materials (sand, gravel, zeolites and clays). They included the silver-impregnated porous pot filter (SIPP), the ceramic candle filter (CCF), the conventional biosand filter (BSF-S), a modified biosand filter with zeolites (BSF-Z), and a bucket filter (BF). Their ability to remove turbidity and pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella dysenteriae) from synthetic sterile water, groundwater and surface-water sources was evaluated. The flow rates ranged from 0.05 l{\textperiodcentered}h-1 to 2.49 l{\textperiodcentered}h-1 for SIPP; 1 l{\textperiodcentered}h-1 to 4 l{\textperiodcentered}h-1 for CCF; 0.81 l{\textperiodcentered}h-1 to 6.84 l{\textperiodcentered}h-1 for BSF-S; 1.74 l{\textperiodcentered}h-1 to 19.2 l{\textperiodcentered}h-1 for BSF-Z; and from 106.5 l{\textperiodcentered}h-1 to 160.5 l{\textperiodcentered}h-1 for BF. The highest (64\% to 98\% (0.74 to 1.08 NTU)) and lowest (14\% to 76\% (2.91 to 7.19 NTU)) average percentage turbidity removals were noted for SIPP and BF, respectively. The SIPP was the only device that consistently removed 100\% of all target pathogens throughout the study. Its performance was found to be significantly superior (p\&lt;0.05) compared to that of the other four devices. Sixty (60\%) to 100\% bacterial removals were observed for BSF-S; 90\% to 100\% for BSF-Z; 90\% to 100\% for CCF; and 40\% to 99.9\% for BF. Based on the findings of this study the SIPP can be recommended for use by rural communities as it consistently produced high-quality water that complied with the SANS 241 turbidity and microbiological limits for drinking water.</div>
},
	keywords = {household water treatment, safe drinking water, waterborne pathogens},
	isbn = {1816-7950},
	url = {http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/wsa/v39n4/02.pdf},
	author = {M N B Momba and K Mwabi, B B Mamba}
}
