

@mastersthesis {6357,
	title = {Agri-environmental policy in the {U}.{S}. and {EC}: {The} effect of fertilizer policies on production and trade of wheat and corn},
	year = {1991},
	note = {9201661},
	school = {The Ohio State University},
	type = {phdPh.{D}.},
	address = {Ann Arbor},
	abstract = {For the past 30 years, agricultural policies in the U.S. and in the European Community have generated overproduction and costly budget outlays, resulting in a misallocation of resources. Producers have responded to the policy guarantees by increasing the use of chemical inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides to improve yields. This intensification of agricultural production has caused concern over the last 20 years because of the links of agricultural chemicals to environmental degradation, particularly with respect to the pollution of ground and/or surface water from the leaching and/or runoff of chemical fertilizers. The objectives of this study are to investigate how agri-environmental policies aimed at reducing fertilizer use affect cost of production, marginal costs, supply, welfare, and trade of wheat and corn of some of the major producing countries: the U.S. for wheat and corn, France for wheat and corn, and the U.K. for wheat. Two separate policy instruments are considered, a 100 percent tax on fertilizer, and a 33 percent quantitative restriction on its use. The analytical requirements for this study are two-fold: cost of production estimation, and international trade simulation. First, a method of estimating commodity supply elasticities with respect to fertilizer prices (the tax effect) and quantities of fertilizer used (the restriction effect) from cost estimation is developed. Second, these supply elasticities are used to shock a simulation model under alternative unilateral, bilateral, and multilateral fertilizer policy scenarios. The estimated supply elasticities support the hypothesis that fertilizer policy will adversely affect those producing countries that use the input most intensively. The impacts were larger for France and the U.K. (U.S.) relative to the U.S. (France and the U.K.) for wheat (corn), the more fertilizer using crop in the European countries (U.S.). The simulation exercises indicate that multilateral policy arrangements reduce the adverse effects of agri-environmental policy on country-level production and trade, and welfare to producers. The bilateral policy scenarios suggest that cooperative arrangements between countries within the European Community could prove beneficial when implementing environmental policy, particularly when accompanied by a tariff.},
	keywords = {0503:Agricultural economics, 0505:Business costs, Agricultural economics, Business costs, European Community, Social sciences, United States},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/303944836?accountid=14270},
	author = {Garcia, Roberto Javier}
}
