

@article {5615,
	title = {{Detection and Molecular Characterization of Human Noroviruses in Korean Groundwater Between 2008 and 2010}},
	journal = {Food and Environmental Virology},
	volume = {4},
	number = {3},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {115{\textendash}123},
	abstract = {RT-PCR, nucleotide sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis were performed$\backslash$nfor genotyping and molecular characterization of noroviruses isolated$\backslash$nfrom Korean groundwater. Among 160 samples collected from 80 sites$\backslash$nbetween 2008 and 2010, 14 samples (8.7 {\%}) from 12 sites were positive$\backslash$nfor noroviruses (NoVs). The percentages of NoV-positive samples in 2008,$\backslash$n2009, and 2010 were 22.2, 3.2, and 0 {\%}, respectively, representing a$\backslash$nyearly decrease. GII-positive samples (n = 9, 5.6 {\%}) outnumbered$\backslash$nGI-positive samples (n = 5, 3.1 {\%}). The genotypes of the GI NoVs were$\backslash$nGI.2, GI.5, and GI.6, and the genotypes of the GII NoVs were all GII.4.$\backslash$nOne sample, HM623465, was very similar to CUK-3 and CBNU2 and two GII.4$\backslash$nsequences isolated from the stool of Korean gastroenteritis patients. A$\backslash$nBLASTN search revealed several nucleotide sequences highly similar to$\backslash$nthose of NoVs isolated in this study. The original isolation sources for$\backslash$nthese similar NoVs were mostly stool (n = 731, 80.0 {\%}) and groundwater$\backslash$n(n = 135, 14.8 {\%}), and all the countries from which they were isolated$\backslash$nwere almost in Asia (96.0 {\%}); specifically, China (n = 192, 21.0 {\%}),$\backslash$nJapan (n = 383, 41.9 {\%}), Korea (n = 296, 32.4 {\%}), and other Asian$\backslash$ncountries (n = 6, 0.7 {\%}). These results suggest that Korean groundwater$\backslash$nmight be contaminated with NoVs from the stool of infected patients and$\backslash$nthat these NoVs in turn cause new cases of gastroenteritis through a$\backslash$ntypical fecal-oral route with region-specific circulation. Therefore, it$\backslash$nis important to properly treat sewage, which may include waterborne$\backslash$nviruses and manage point sources in groundwater for national health and$\backslash$nsanitation. In addition, continuous molecular surveillance remains$\backslash$nimportant for understanding circulating NoVs.},
	keywords = {Gastroenteritis, genotype, Groundwater, Norovirus, Phylogeny},
	isbn = {1867-0334},
	issn = {18670334},
	doi = {10.1007/s12560-012-9084-y},
	author = {Gyu C Lee and Weon H Jheong and Gyoo S Jung and Sung A Oh and Min J Kim and Ok J Rhee and Park, Sujeong and Lee, Chan Hee}
}
