

@article {4281,
	title = {{Molecular characterization of bacteriophages for microbial source tracking in Korea.}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {75},
	number = {22},
	year = {2009},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {7107{\textendash}14},
	abstract = {<p>We investigated coliphages from various fecal sources, including humans and animals, for microbial source tracking in South Korea. Both somatic and F+-specific coliphages were isolated from 43 fecal samples from farms, wild animal habitats, and human wastewater plants. Somatic coliphages were more prevalent and abundant than F+ coliphages in all of the tested fecal samples. We further characterized 311 F+ coliphage isolates using RNase sensitivity assays, PCR and reverse transcription-PCR, and nucleic acid sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses were performed based on the partial nucleic acid sequences of 311 F+ coliphages from various sources. F+ RNA coliphages were most prevalent among geese (95{\%}) and were least prevalent in cows (5{\%}). Among the genogroups of F+ RNA coliphages, most F+ coliphages isolated from animal fecal sources belonged to either group I or group IV, and most from human wastewater sources were in group II or III. Some of the group I coliphages were present in both human and animal source samples. F+ RNA coliphages isolated from various sources were divided into two main clusters. All F+ RNA coliphages isolated from human wastewater were grouped with Qbeta-like phages, while phages isolated from most animal sources were grouped with MS2-like phages. UniFrac significance statistical analyses revealed significant differences between human and animal bacteriophages. In the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), F+ RNA coliphages isolated from human waste were distinctively separate from those isolated from other animal sources. However, F+ DNA coliphages were not significantly different or separate in the PCoA. These results demonstrate that proper analysis of F+ RNA coliphages can effectively distinguish fecal sources.</p>
},
	keywords = {Animals, Bacteriophage Typing, Coliphages, Coliphages: classification, Coliphages: genetics, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, DNA, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Feces, Feces: virology, Humans, Korea, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Republic of Korea, Ribonucleases, Ribonucleases: metabolism, RNA, Sewage, Sewage: virology, Viral, Viral: genetics, Water Microbiology},
	issn = {1098-5336},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.00464-09},
	url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2786510{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract},
	author = {Jung E Lee and Lim, Mi Young and Kim, Sei Yoon and Lee, Sunghee and Lee, Heetae and Oh, Hyun-Myung and Hur, Hor-Gil and G Ko}
}
