

@article {3847,
	title = {Microbial risk assessment of source-separated urine used in agriculture.},
	journal = {Waste management \{\&\} research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, \{\{\.I}SWA\{\}\}},
	volume = {20},
	number = {2},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {150{\textendash}161},
	abstract = {A screening-level quantitative microbial risk assessment \{\{\}(QMRA)\{\}\} was undertaken for a urine separating sewerage system. Exposures evaluated included the handling of stored and unstored urine as well as consumption of crops fertilised with urine. Faecal cross-contamination was the source of risk and Campylobacter jejuni, Cryptosporidium parvum and rotavirus were the organisms chosen to represent different groups of enteric pathogens. Accidental ingestion of unstored urine implied a high risk \{\{\}(Pinf\{\}\} = 0.56) for infection from rotavirus whereas the risks for infection from bacteria and protozoa were approximately 1:10 000. After six months storage at 20 degrees C the risk for viral infections by accidental ingestion of 1 ml of urine was \{{\textbackslash}textless\} 10(-3), the suggested acceptable risk benchmark. Ingestion of crops contaminated with urine resulted in risks of \{{\textbackslash}textless\} 10(-5) after a 3-week (\{{\textbackslash}textless\}10(-7) after 4 weeks) withholding period between fertilising and harvesting.},
	author = {H"oglund, Caroline and Stenstr"om, Thor A and Ashbolt, Nicholas}
}
