

@article {3686,
	title = {One year environmental surveillance of rotavirus species A (RVA) genotypes in circulation after the introduction of the Rotarix vaccine in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.},
	journal = {Water Research},
	volume = {45},
	number = {17},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {5755{\textendash}5763},
	abstract = {<p>Rotavirus specie A \{\{\}(RVA)\{\}\} infection is the leading cause of severe acute diarrhea among young children worldwide. To reduce this major \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} health impact, the \{\{\}Rotarix\{\&amp;\}\{\#\}xAE;\{\}\} vaccine \{\{\}(GlaxoSmithKline,\{\}\} Rixensart, Belgium) was introduced in the Brazilian Expanded Immunization Program in March 2006 and became available to the entire birth cohort. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spread of \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} in the environment after the introduction of \{\{\}Rotarix\{\&amp;\}\{\#\}xAE;\{\}\} in Brazil. For this purpose, a Wastewater Treatment Plant \{\{\}(WTP)\{\}\} in Rio de Janeiro was monitored for one year to detect, characterize and discriminate \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} genotypes and identify possible circulation of vaccine strains. Using \{\{\}TaqMan\{\&amp;\}\{\#\}xAE;\{\}\} quantitative \{\{\}PCR\{\}\} \{\{\}(qPCR),\{\}\} \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} was detected in 100\{\%\} (mean viral loads from \{\{\}2.40\{\&amp;\}\{\#\}xD7;10(5)\{\}\} to \{\{\}1.16\{\&amp;\}\{\#\}xD7;10(7)\{\}\} genome copies \{\{\}(GC)/L)\{\}\} of sewage influent samples and 71\{\%\} (mean viral loads from \{\{\}1.35\{\&amp;\}\{\#\}xD7;10(3)\{\}\} to \{\{\}1.64\{\&amp;\}\{\#\}xD7;10(5)GC/L)\{\}\} of sewage effluent samples. The most prevalent \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} genotypes were P[4], P[6] and G2, based on \{\{\}VP4\{\}\} and \{\{\}VP7\{\}\} classification. Direct nucleotide sequencing \{\{\}(NSP4\{\}\} fragment) and restriction enzyme digestion \{\{\}(NSP3)\{\}\} analysis did not detect \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} vaccine-like strains from the sewage samples. These data on \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} detection, quantification and molecular characterization highlight the importance of environmental monitoring as a tool to study \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} epidemiology in the surrounding human population and may be useful on ongoing vaccine monitoring programs, since sewage may be a good screening option for a rapid and economical overview of the circulating genotypes.</p>
},
	doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.039},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.039},
	author = {Fumian, Tulio M and Leite, Jos{\'e} P P and Rose, Tatiana L and Prado, Tatiana and Miagostovich, Marize P}
}
