

@article {3668,
	title = {Assessment of gastroenteric viruses from wastewater directly discharged into Uruguay River, Uruguay.},
	journal = {Food and Environmental Virology},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {116{\textendash}124},
	abstract = {<p>The aim of this study was to assess the viral contamination of group A rotavirus \{\{\}(RVA),\{\}\} norovirus \{\{\}(NoV),\{\}\} and human astrovirus \{\{\}(HAstV)\{\}\} in sewage directly discharged into Uruguay River and to characterize \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} genotypes circulating in Uruguay. For this purpose, sewage samples (n = 96) were collected biweekly from March 2011 to February 2012 in four Uruguayan cities: Bella \{\{\}Uni\{\&amp;\}\{\#\}xF3;n,\{\}\} Salto, \{\{\}Paysand\{\&amp;\}\{\#\}xFA;,\{\}\} and Fray Bentos. Each sample was concentrated by ultracentrifugation method. Qualitative and quantitative \{\{\}RT-PCR\{\}\} for \{\{\}RVA,\{\}\} \{\{\}NoV,\{\}\} and \{\{\}HAstV\{\}\} were performed. A wide dissemination of gastroenteric viruses was observed in the sewage samples analyzed with 80\{\%\} of positivity, being \{\{\}NoV\{\}\} (51\{\%\}) the most frequently detected followed by \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} with a frequency of 49\{\%\} and \{\{\}HAstV\{\}\} with 45\{\%\}. Genotypes of \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} were typed using multiplex semi-nested \{\{\}RT-PCR\{\}\} as follows: P[8] (n = 15), P[4] (n = 8), P[10] (n = 1), P[11] (n = 1), G2 (n = 29), and G3 (n = 2). The viral load ranged from 10(3) to 10(7) genomic copies/liter, and they were detected roughly with the same frequency in all participant cities. A peak of \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} and \{\{\}HAstV\{\}\} detection was observed in colder months \{\{\}(June\{\}\} to September), whereas no seasonality was observed for \{\{\}NoV.\{\}\} This study demonstrates for the first time, the high degree of gastroenteric viral contamination in the country; highlighting the importance of developing these analyses as a tool to determine the viral contamination in this hydrographic boundary region used by the local populations for recreation and consumption, establishing an elevated risk of gastroenteric diseases for human health.</p>
},
	doi = {10.1007/s12560-014-9143-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12560-014-9143-7},
	author = {Victoria, M and Tort, L F and Garc{\'\i}a, M and Lizasoain, A and Maya, L and Leite, J P and Miagostovich, M P and Cristina, J and Colina, R}
}
