

@article {3260,
	title = {{Removal of indicator bacteria, human enteric viruses, Giardia cysts, and Cryptosporidium oocysts at a large wastewater primary treatment facility}},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology},
	volume = {47},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {188{\textendash}193},
	abstract = {The advent of quantitative PCR has improved the detection of human viral pathogens in the environment. However, a serious limitation of this method may arise from the inability to discriminate between viruses that are infectious and viruses that have been inactivated and do not represent a human health hazard. To assess whether propidium monoazide (PMA) pre-treatment is a good approach to inhibiting DNA amplification from non-infectious viruses, bacteriophage T4 survival was measured using cell culture titration and real-time PCR with and without PMA pre-treatment. Heat (85 {\textdegree}C) and proteolysis methods were carried out. After these inactivation treatments, the results indicated that the PMA pre-treatment approach is not appropriate for differentiating infectious viruses. However, when a heat treatment at 110 {\textdegree}C was undertaken, PMA pre-treatment did allow differentiation of non-infectious from infectious viruses. In this case, effective binding of PMA to bacteriophage T4 DNA could be taken to indicate capsid damage. Therefore, PMA pre-treatment may be appropriate for assessing effective disinfection treatments and for a more reliable understanding of the factors that contribute to viral inactivation through capsid damage monitoring. The PMA-PCR approach could be useful as a rapid and inexpensive analytical tool for screening and evaluation of the efficacy of disinfectants.},
	isbn = {0008-4166},
	issn = {0008-4166, 1480-3275},
	doi = {10.1139/w00-143},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/w00-143},
	author = {Payment, Pierre and Plante, Robert and Cejka, Patrick}
}
