

@article {3245,
	title = {{Assessment of human adenovirus removal in a full-scale membrane bioreactor treating municipal wastewater}},
	journal = {Water Research},
	volume = {44},
	number = {5},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1520{\textendash}1530},
	publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
	abstract = {Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) in wastewater samples taken from four different treatment stages of a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant (i.e., incoming raw sewage, primary sedimentation effluent, membrane bioreactor (MBR) influent, and MBR effluent) were quantified by real-time PCR assays to further estimate removal efficiency of the HAdVs. Based on hexon gene sequence comparisons, HAdV species A, C, and F were consistently found in the wastewater samples. In general, all three identified HAdV species were detected in most of the wastewater samples using the real-time PCR assays. Overall HAdV concentrations were rather stable over the entire 8-month study period (January-August, 2008) (approximately 106-107 viral particles/L of wastewater for the raw sewage and primary effluent; 108-109 viral particles/L for the MBR influent; and, 103-104 viral particles/L for the MBR effluent). No significant seasonal differences were noticed for the HAdV abundances. Removal efficiencies of the viral particles in the full-scale MBR process were assessed and showed an average HAdV removal of 5.0 ?? 0.6 logs over the study period. The removal efficiencies for F species (average log removal of 6.5 ?? 1.3 logs) were typically higher (p-value {\textless}0.05) than those of the other two species (average of 4.1 ?? 0.9 and 4.6 ?? 0.5 logs for species A and C, respectively). These results demonstrate that the full-scale MBR system efficiently removed most HAdV from the wastewater leaving about 103 viral particles/L in the MBR effluent. ?? 2009.},
	keywords = {Adenovirus, MBR, PCR, Quantitative, removal},
	isbn = {0043-1354},
	issn = {00431354},
	doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.10.039},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.10.039},
	author = {David HW Kuo and Simmons, Fredrick J. and Blair, Scott and Hart, Elizabeth and Rose, Joan B. and Xagoraraki, Irene}
}
