

@article {3220,
	title = {{Treatment of domestic sewage at low temperature in a two-anaerobic step system followed by a trickling filter}},
	journal = {Water Science and Technology},
	volume = {48},
	number = {11-12},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {199{\textendash}206},
	abstract = {The treatment of domestic sewage at low temperature was studied in a two-anaerobic-step system followed by an aerobic step, consisting of an anaerobic filter (AF) + an anaerobic hybrid (AH) + polyurethane-foam trickling filter (PTF). The AF+AH system was operated at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3+6 h at a controlled temperature of 13 degrees C, while the PTF was operated without wastewater recirculation at different hydraulic loading rates (HLR) of 41, 15.4 and 2.6 m3/m2/d at ambient temperature (ca. 15-18 degrees C). The AF reactor removed the major part of the total and suspended COD, viz. 46 and 58{\%} respectively. The AH reactor with granular sludge was efficient in the removal and conversion of the anaerobically biodegradable COD. The AF+AH system removed 63{\%} of total COD and converted 46{\%} of the influent total COD to methane. At a HLR of 41 m3/m2/d, the COD removal was limited in the PTF, while at HLR of 15.4 and 2.6 m3/m2/d, a high total COD removal of 54-57{\%} was achieved without a significant difference between the two HLRs. The PTF was mainly efficient in the removal of particles (suspended and colloidal COD removal were 75-90{\%} and 75-83{\%} respectively), which were not removed in the anaerobic two-step. The overall total COD removal in the AF+AH+PTF system was 85{\%}. Decreasing the HLR from 15.4 to 2.6 m3/m2/d, only increased the nitrification rate efficiency in the PTF from 22{\%} to 60{\%}. Also, at HLR of 15.4 and 2.6 m3/m2/d, PTF showed a similar removal for E. coli by about 2 log. Therefore, the effluent of AF+AH+PTF system can be utilised for restricted irrigation in order to close water and nutrients cycles. Moreover, such a system represents a high-load and a low-cost technology, which is a suitable solution for developing countries.},
	keywords = {Anaerobic treatment, Domestic sewage, Low temperature, Post treatment, Trickling filter, wastewater},
	isbn = {0273-1223},
	issn = {02731223},
	author = {Elmitwalli, T. A. and Van Lier, J. and Zeeman, G. and Lettinga, G.}
}
