

@article {1946,
	title = {Distribution of Enteric Pathogens in Wastewater Secondary Effluent and Safety Analysis for Urban Water Reuse},
	journal = {Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal},
	volume = {20},
	number = {3},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {797-806},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Through a 1-year monitoring of enteroviruses and pathogenic bacteria in the secondary effluent using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR), the pathogen removal requirement was evaluated for safeguarding the reclaimed water quality for urban reuse. The distribution of each pathogen in the secondary effluent was found to follow a log-normal relationship, although 50\% cumulative concentrations differed much from each other (1.4 GEC/L of infectious enteroviruses, 3.1 {\texttimes} 102 CFU/L of Salmonella typhi, 1.0 {\texttimes} 103 CFU/L of Shigella, and 3.3 {\texttimes} 105 CFU/L of Escherichia coli). By exposure analysis regarding two reuse scenarios (golf course irrigation and recreational impoundment), risks were analyzed for pathogens in reused water based on monitoring data and dose{\textendash}response relation. For enteroviruses and pathogenic bacteria, there were obvious differences in the relationship between the reliability and removal efficiency.Under an acceptable annual risk level (10{\textendash}4/a), the pathogen removal requirement depends on the manner of water reuse. In the golf course irrigation, the removal efficiency of enteroviruses, Salmonella typhi, Shigella, and Escherichia coli reach to 3.8\~{}4.0-log, 1.4-log, 3.3-log, and 2.0-log, respectively, in order to ensure 95\% reliability. However, if wastewater is reused for recreational impoundment, only a further increase around 1.5-log removal efficiency of pathogens can meet the requirement for the same reliability.},
	author = {Zhang, C-M. and Wang, X-C.}
}
