

@booklet {1929,
	title = {A Review of Wastewater Treatment by Reverse Osmosis},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {Williams Engineering Services Company, Inc., http://www.wescinc.com ; https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=1\&ved=0CB0QFjAAahUKEwjXzuSHmpbHAhWSj9sKHXu5BQU\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.wescinc.com\%2Ffiles\%2FRO_Apps.pdf\&ei=Vz3EVZfHAZKf7gb7},
	type = {Electronic Article},
	abstract = {Since the development of the first practical cellulose acetate membranes in the early 1960{\textquoteright}s and the subsequent development of thin-film, composite membranes, the uses of reverse osmosis have expanded to include not only the traditional desalination process but also a wide variety of wastewater treatment applications. Several advantages of the RO process that make it particularly attractive for dilute aqueous wastewater treatment include: (1) RO systems are simple to design and operate, have low maintenance requirements, and are modular in nature, making expansion of the systems easy; (2) both inorganic and organic pollutants can be removed simultaneously by RO membrane processes; (3) RO systems allow recovery/recycle of waste process streams with no effect on the material being recovered; (4) RO membrane systems often require less energy and offer lower capital and operating costs than many conventional treatment systems; and (5) RO processes can considerably reduce the volume of waste streams so that these can be treated more efficiently and cost effectively by other processes such as incineration (Cartwright, 1985; Sinisgalli and McNutt, 1986; Cartwright, 1990; McCray et al., 1990; Cartwright, 1991; Williams et al., 1992). In addition, RO systems can replace or be used in conjunction with others treatment processes such as oxidation, adsorption, stripping, or biological treatment (as well as many others) to produce a high quality product water that can be reused or discharged. Applications that have been reported for RO processes include the treatment of organic containing wastewater, wastewater from electroplating and metal finishing, pulp and paper, mining and petrochemical, textile, and food processing industries, radioactive wastewater, municipal wastewater, and contaminated groundwater (Slater et al., 1983a; Cartwright, 1985; Ghabris et al, 1989; Williams et al., 1992). Table 1 lists RO and nanofiltration applications along with selected references. A review of RO and nanofiltration wastewater treatment follows; a thorough discussion of the application of RO membranes to seawater and brackish water desalination can be found in Williams et al. (1992). RO Separation of Organic Pollutants},
	author = {Williams, M. E.}
}
