

@article {16571,
	title = {Inactivation of {Ascaris} eggs in source-separated urine and feces by ammonia at ambient temperatures},
	journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
	volume = {75},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {662{\textendash}7},
	abstract = {Sustainable management of toilet waste must prevent disease transmission but allow reuse of plant nutrients. Inactivation of uterus-derived Ascaris suum eggs was studied in relation to ammonia in source-separated urine without additives and in human feces to which urea had been added, in order to evaluate ammonia-based sanitation for production of safe fertilizers from human excreta. Urine was used concentrated or diluted 1:1 and 1:3 with tap water at 4, 14, 24, and 34 degrees C. Fecal material, with and without ash, was treated with 1\% or 2\% (wt/wt) urea at 24 and 34 degrees C. At 34 degrees C eggs were inactivated in less than 10 days in urine and in amended feces. At 24 degrees C only feces with 2\% (wt/wt) urea or 1\% (wt/wt) urea at high pH (10) inactivated all eggs within 1 month, and no inactivation was observed after 75 days in urine diluted 1:3 (18 +/- 11 mM NH(3)). At temperatures of {\textgreater} or =24 degrees C, NH(3) proved to be an efficient sanitizing agent in urine and feces at concentrations of {\textgreater} or =60 mM. Treating fecal material at 34 degrees C can give a 6-log(10) egg inactivation within 1 month, whereas at 24 degrees C 6 months of treatment is necessary for the same level of egg inactivation. At temperatures of 14 degrees C and below, inactivation rates were low, with viable eggs after 6 months even in concentrated urine.},
	keywords = {Ammonia/*pharmacology, Animals, Anthelmintics/*pharmacology, Ascaris suum/*drug effects, Feces/*parasitology, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Sanitation/*methods, Survival Analysis, Temperature, Time Factors, Urea/pharmacology, Urine/*parasitology},
	issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.01250-08},
	author = {Nordin, A. and Nyberg, K. and Vinneras, B.}
}
