

@article {1620,
	title = {Characteristics of an environmentally monitored prolonged type 2 vaccine derived poliovirus shedding episode that stopped without intervention},
	journal = {PloS one},
	volume = {8},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Hovi, Tapani Paananen, Anja Blomqvist, Soile Savolainen-Kopra, Carita Al-Hello, Haider Smura, Teemu Shimizu, Hiroyuki Nadova, Katarina Sobotova, Zdenka Gavrilin, Eugene Roivainen, Merja PLoS One. 2013 Jul 31;8(7):e66849. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066849. Print 2013.},
	pages = {e66849},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Vaccine derived poliovirus (VDPV) type 2 strains strongly divergent from the corresponding vaccine strain, Sabin 2, were repeatedly isolated from sewage in Slovakia over a period of 22 months in 2003-2005. Cell cultures of stool specimens from known immune deficient patients and from an identified putative source population of 500 people failed to identify the potential excretor(s) of the virus. The occurrence of VDPV in sewage stopped without any intervention. No paralytic cases were reported in Slovakia during the episode. According to a GenBank search and similarity plotting-analysis, the closest known relative of the first isolate PV2/03/SVK/E783 through all main sections of the genome was the type 2 poliovirus Sabin strain, with nucleotide identities in 5{\textquoteright}UTR, P1, P2, P3, and 3{\textquoteright}UTR parts of the genome of 88.6, 85.9, 87.3, 88.5, and 94.0 percent, respectively. Phenotypic properties of selected Slovakian aVDPV strains resembled those of VDPV strains isolated from immune deficient individuals with prolonged PV infection (iVDPV), including antigenic changes and moderate neurovirulence in the transgenic mouse model. One hundred and two unique VP1 coding sequences were determined from VDPV strains isolated from 34 sewage specimens. Nucleotide differences from Sabin 2 in the VP1 coding region ranged from 12.5 to 15.6 percent, and reached a maximum of 9.6 percent between the VDPV strains under study. Most of the nucleotide substitutions were synonymous but as many as 93 amino acid positions out of 301 in VP1 showed substitutions. We conclude that (1) individuals with prolonged poliovirus infection are not as rare as suggested by the studies on immune deficient patients known to the health care systems and (2) genetic divergence of VDPV strains may remain extensive during years long replication in humans.},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence Amino Acid Substitution Animals Antibodies, Amino Acid Sewage/*virology Slovakia Vaccination, Molecular Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Poliovirus/classification/*genetics/immunology Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/immunology Protein Multimerization Seasons Sequence Homology, Transgenic Models, Viral/blood Capsid Proteins/chemistry/*genetics Child Environmental Microbiology *Genetic Variation Humans Mice Mice},
	issn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0066849},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23935826},
	author = {Hovi, T. and Paananen, A. and Blomqvist, S. and Savolainen-Kopra, C. and Al-Hello, H. and Smura, T. and Shimizu, H. and Nadova, K. and Sobotova, Z. and Gavrilin, E. and Roivainen, M.}
}
