

@article {1599,
	title = {Methods to detect infectious human enteric viruses in environmental water samples},
	journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health},
	volume = {214},
	number = {6},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Hamza, Ibrahim Ahmed Jurzik, Lars Uberla, Klaus Wilhelm, Michael eng Review Germany 2011/09/17 06:00 Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011 Nov;214(6):424-36. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.07.014. Epub 2011 Sep 15.},
	pages = {424-36},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Currently, a wide range of analytical methods is available for virus detection in environmental water samples. Molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) have the highest sensitivity and specificity to investigate virus contamination in water, so they are the most commonly used in environmental virology. Despite great sensitivity of PCR, the main limitation is the lack of the correlation between the detected viral genome and viral infectivity, which limits conclusions regarding the significance for public health. To provide information about the infectivity of the detected viruses, cultivation on animal cell culture is the gold standard. However, cell culture infectivity assays are laborious, time consuming and costly. Also, not all viruses are able to produce cytopathic effect and viruses such as human noroviruses have no available cell line for propagation. In this brief review, we present a summary and critical evaluation of different approaches that have been recently proposed to overcome limitations of the traditional cell culture assay and PCR assay such as integrated cell culture-PCR, detection of genome integrity, detection of capsid integrity, and measurement of oxidative damages on viral capsid protein. Techniques for rapid detection of infectious viruses such as fluorescence microscopy and automated flow cytometry have also been suggested to assess virus infectivity in water samples.},
	keywords = {Animals Capsid Proteins/chemistry Cell Culture Techniques Coloring Agents Enzymes Flow Cytometry Humans Immunomagnetic Separation Microscopy, Fluorescence Oxidation-Reduction Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Viral/*analysis Viruses/*isolation \& purification *Water Microbiology},
	issn = {1618-131X (Electronic) 1438-4639 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.07.014},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21920815},
	author = {Hamza, I. A. and Jurzik, L. and Uberla, K. and Wilhelm, M.}
}
