@article {15472, title = {Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {380}, number = {9859}, year = {2012}, note = {Lozano, Rafael
Naghavi, Mohsen
Foreman, Kyle
Lim, Stephen
Shibuya, Kenji
Aboyans, Victor
Abraham, Jerry
Adair, Timothy
Aggarwal, Rakesh
Ahn, Stephanie Y
Alvarado, Miriam
Anderson, H Ross
Anderson, Laurie M
Andrews, Kathryn G
Atkinson, Charles
Baddour, Larry M
Barker-Collo, Suzanne
Bartels, David H
Bell, Michelle L
Benjamin, Emelia J
Bennett, Derrick
Bhalla, Kavi
Bikbov, Boris
Bin Abdulhak, Aref
Birbeck, Gretchen
Blyth, Fiona
Bolliger, Ian
Boufous, Soufiane
Bucello, Chiara
Burch, Michael
Burney, Peter
Carapetis, Jonathan
Chen, Honglei
Chou, David
Chugh, Sumeet S
Coffeng, Luc E
Colan, Steven D
Colquhoun, Samantha
Colson, K Ellicott
Condon, John
Connor, Myles D
Cooper, Leslie T
Corriere, Matthew
Cortinovis, Monica
de Vaccaro, Karen Courville
Couser, William
Cowie, Benjamin C
Criqui, Michael H
Cross, Marita
Dabhadkar, Kaustubh C
Dahodwala, Nabila
De Leo, Diego
Degenhardt, Louisa
Delossantos, Allyne
Denenberg, Julie
Des Jarlais, Don C
Dharmaratne, Samath D
Dorsey, E Ray
Driscoll, Tim
Duber, Herbert
Ebel, Beth
Erwin, Patricia J
Espindola, Patricia
Ezzati, Majid
Feigin, Valery
Flaxman, Abraham D
Forouzanfar, Mohammad H
Fowkes, Francis Gerry R
Franklin, Richard
Fransen, Marlene
Freeman, Michael K
Gabriel, Sherine E
Gakidou, Emmanuela
Gaspari, Flavio
Gillum, Richard F
Gonzalez-Medina, Diego
Halasa, Yara A
Haring, Diana
Harrison, James E
Havmoeller, Rasmus
Hay, Roderick J
Hoen, Bruno
Hotez, Peter J
Hoy, Damian
Jacobsen, Kathryn H
James, Spencer L
Jasrasaria, Rashmi
Jayaraman, Sudha
Johns, Nicole
Karthikeyan, Ganesan
Kassebaum, Nicholas
Keren, Andre
Khoo, Jon-Paul
Knowlton, Lisa Marie
Kobusingye, Olive
Koranteng, Adofo
Krishnamurthi, Rita
Lipnick, Michael
Lipshultz, Steven E
Ohno, Summer Lockett
Mabweijano, Jacqueline
MacIntyre, Michael F
Mallinger, Leslie
March, Lyn
Marks, Guy B
Marks, Robin
Matsumori, Akira
Matzopoulos, Richard
Mayosi, Bongani M
McAnulty, John H
McDermott, Mary M
McGrath, John
Mensah, George A
Merriman, Tony R
Michaud, Catherine
Miller, Matthew
Miller, Ted R
Mock, Charles
Mocumbi, Ana Olga
Mokdad, Ali A
Moran, Andrew
Mulholland, Kim
Nair, M Nathan
Naldi, Luigi
Narayan, K M Venkat
Nasseri, Kiumarss
Norman, Paul
O{\textquoteright}Donnell, Martin
Omer, Saad B
Ortblad, Katrina
Osborne, Richard
Ozgediz, Doruk
Pahari, Bishnu
Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai
Rivero, Andrea Panozo
Padilla, Rogelio Perez
Perez-Ruiz, Fernando
Perico, Norberto
Phillips, David
Pierce, Kelsey
Pope, C Arden 3rd
Porrini, Esteban
Pourmalek, Farshad
Raju, Murugesan
Ranganathan, Dharani
Rehm, Jurgen T
Rein, David B
Remuzzi, Guiseppe
Rivara, Frederick P
Roberts, Thomas
De Leon, Felipe Rodriguez
Rosenfeld, Lisa C
Rushton, Lesley
Sacco, Ralph L
Salomon, Joshua A
Sampson, Uchechukwu
Sanman, Ella
Schwebel, David C
Segui-Gomez, Maria
Shepard, Donald S
Singh, David
Singleton, Jessica
Sliwa, Karen
Smith, Emma
Steer, Andrew
Taylor, Jennifer A
Thomas, Bernadette
Tleyjeh, Imad M
Towbin, Jeffrey A
Truelsen, Thomas
Undurraga, Eduardo A
Venketasubramanian, N
Vijayakumar, Lakshmi
Vos, Theo
Wagner, Gregory R
Wang, Mengru
Wang, Wenzhi
Watt, Kerrianne
Weinstock, Martin A
Weintraub, Robert
Wilkinson, James D
Woolf, Anthony D
Wulf, Sarah
Yeh, Pon-Hsiu
Yip, Paul
Zabetian, Azadeh
Zheng, Zhi-Jie
Lopez, Alan D
Murray, Christopher J L
AlMazroa, Mohammad A
Memish, Ziad A
eng
G0901214/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
K08 HL089675/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/
K23 AG034236/AG/NIA NIH HHS/
Intramural NIH HHS/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England
London, England
2012/12/19 06:00
Lancet. 2012 Dec 15;380(9859):2095-128. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0.}, month = {Dec 15}, pages = {2095-128}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Reliable and timely information on the leading causes of death in populations, and how these are changing, is a crucial input into health policy debates. In the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010 (GBD 2010), we aimed to estimate annual deaths for the world and 21 regions between 1980 and 2010 for 235 causes, with uncertainty intervals (UIs), separately by age and sex. METHODS: We attempted to identify all available data on causes of death for 187 countries from 1980 to 2010 from vital registration, verbal autopsy, mortality surveillance, censuses, surveys, hospitals, police records, and mortuaries. We assessed data quality for completeness, diagnostic accuracy, missing data, stochastic variations, and probable causes of death. We applied six different modelling strategies to estimate cause-specific mortality trends depending on the strength of the data. For 133 causes and three special aggregates we used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach, which uses four families of statistical models testing a large set of different models using different permutations of covariates. Model ensembles were developed from these component models. We assessed model performance with rigorous out-of-sample testing of prediction error and the validity of 95\% UIs. For 13 causes with low observed numbers of deaths, we developed negative binomial models with plausible covariates. For 27 causes for which death is rare, we modelled the higher level cause in the cause hierarchy of the GBD 2010 and then allocated deaths across component causes proportionately, estimated from all available data in the database. For selected causes (African trypanosomiasis, congenital syphilis, whooping cough, measles, typhoid and parathyroid, leishmaniasis, acute hepatitis E, and HIV/AIDS), we used natural history models based on information on incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality. We separately estimated cause fractions by aetiology for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and meningitis, as well as disaggregations by subcause for chronic kidney disease, maternal disorders, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. For deaths due to collective violence and natural disasters, we used mortality shock regressions. For every cause, we estimated 95\% UIs that captured both parameter estimation uncertainty and uncertainty due to model specification where CODEm was used. We constrained cause-specific fractions within every age-sex group to sum to total mortality based on draws from the uncertainty distributions. FINDINGS: In 2010, there were 52.8 million deaths globally. At the most aggregate level, communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes were 24.9\% of deaths worldwide in 2010, down from 15.9 million (34.1\%) of 46.5 million in 1990. This decrease was largely due to decreases in mortality from diarrhoeal disease (from 2.5 to 1.4 million), lower respiratory infections (from 3.4 to 2.8 million), neonatal disorders (from 3.1 to 2.2 million), measles (from 0.63 to 0.13 million), and tetanus (from 0.27 to 0.06 million). Deaths from HIV/AIDS increased from 0.30 million in 1990 to 1.5 million in 2010, reaching a peak of 1.7 million in 2006. Malaria mortality also rose by an estimated 19.9\% since 1990 to 1.17 million deaths in 2010. Tuberculosis killed 1.2 million people in 2010. Deaths from non-communicable diseases rose by just under 8 million between 1990 and 2010, accounting for two of every three deaths (34.5 million) worldwide by 2010. 8 million people died from cancer in 2010, 38\% more than two decades ago; of these, 1.5 million (19\%) were from trachea, bronchus, and lung cancer. Ischaemic heart disease and stroke collectively killed 12.9 million people in 2010, or one in four deaths worldwide, compared with one in five in 1990; 1.3 million deaths were due to diabetes, twice as many as in 1990. The fraction of global deaths due to injuries (5.1 million deaths) was marginally higher in 2010 (9.6\%) compared with two decades earlier (8.8\%). This was driven by a 46\% rise in deaths worldwide due to road traffic accidents (1.3 million in 2010) and a rise in deaths from falls. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lower respiratory infections, lung cancer, and HIV/AIDS were the leading causes of death in 2010. Ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, stroke, diarrhoeal disease, malaria, and HIV/AIDS were the leading causes of years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) in 2010, similar to what was estimated for 1990, except for HIV/AIDS and preterm birth complications. YLLs from lower respiratory infections and diarrhoea decreased by 45-54\% since 1990; ischaemic heart disease and stroke YLLs increased by 17-28\%. Regional variations in leading causes of death were substantial. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes still accounted for 76\% of premature mortality in sub-Saharan Africa in 2010. Age standardised death rates from some key disorders rose (HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease in particular), but for most diseases, death rates fell in the past two decades; including major vascular diseases, COPD, most forms of cancer, liver cirrhosis, and maternal disorders. For other conditions, notably malaria, prostate cancer, and injuries, little change was noted. INTERPRETATION: Population growth, increased average age of the world{\textquoteright}s population, and largely decreasing age-specific, sex-specific, and cause-specific death rates combine to drive a broad shift from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes towards non-communicable diseases. Nevertheless, communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes remain the dominant causes of YLLs in sub-Saharan Africa. Overlaid on this general pattern of the epidemiological transition, marked regional variation exists in many causes, such as interpersonal violence, suicide, liver cancer, diabetes, cirrhosis, Chagas disease, African trypanosomiasis, melanoma, and others. Regional heterogeneity highlights the importance of sound epidemiological assessments of the causes of death on a regular basis. FUNDING: Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cause of Death/*trends, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Global Health/*statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality/*trends, Sex Factors, Young Adult}, isbn = {1474-547X (Electronic)
0140-6736 (Linking)}, author = {Lozano, R. and Naghavi, M. and Foreman, K. and Lim, S. and Shibuya, K. and Aboyans, V. and Abraham, J. and Adair, T. and Aggarwal, R. and Ahn, S. Y. and Alvarado, M. and Anderson, H. R. and Anderson, L. M. and Andrews, K. G. and Atkinson, C. and Baddour, L. M. and Barker-Collo, S. and Bartels, D. H. and Bell, M. L. and Benjamin, E. J. and Bennett, D. and Bhalla, K. and Bikbov, B. and Bin Abdulhak, A. and Birbeck, G. and Blyth, F. and Bolliger, I. and Boufous, S. and Bucello, C. and Burch, M. and Burney, P. and Carapetis, J. and Chen, H. and Chou, D. and Chugh, S. S. and Coffeng, L. E. and Colan, S. D. and Colquhoun, S. and Colson, K. E. and Condon, J. and Connor, M. D. and Cooper, L. T. and Corriere, M. and Cortinovis, M. and de Vaccaro, K. C. and Couser, W. and Cowie, B. C. and Criqui, M. H. and Cross, M. and Dabhadkar, K. C. and Dahodwala, N. and De Leo, D. and Degenhardt, L. and Delossantos, A. and Denenberg, J. and Des Jarlais, D. C. and Dharmaratne, S. D. and Dorsey, E. R. and Driscoll, T. and Duber, H. and Ebel, B. and Erwin, P. J. and Espindola, P. and Ezzati, M. and Feigin, V. and Flaxman, A. D. and Forouzanfar, M. H. and Fowkes, F. G. and Franklin, R. and Fransen, M. and Freeman, M. K. and Gabriel, S. E. and Gakidou, E. and Gaspari, F. and Gillum, R. F. and Gonzalez-Medina, D. and Halasa, Y. A. and Haring, D. and Harrison, J. E. and Havmoeller, R. and Hay, R. J. and Hoen, B. and Hotez, P. J. and Hoy, D. and Jacobsen, K. H. and James, S. L. and Jasrasaria, R. and Jayaraman, S. and Johns, N. and Karthikeyan, G. and Kassebaum, N. and Keren, A. and Khoo, J. P. and Knowlton, L. M. and Kobusingye, O. and Koranteng, A. and Krishnamurthi, R. and Lipnick, M. and Lipshultz, S. E. and Ohno, S. L. and Mabweijano, J. and MacIntyre, M. F. and Mallinger, L. and March, L. and Marks, G. B. and Marks, R. and Matsumori, A. and Matzopoulos, R. and Mayosi, B. M. and McAnulty, J. H. and McDermott, M. M. and McGrath, J. and Mensah, G. A. and Merriman, T. R. and Michaud, C. and Miller, M. and Miller, T. R. and Mock, C. and Mocumbi, A. O. and Mokdad, A. A. and Moran, A. and Mulholland, K. and Nair, M. N. and Naldi, L. and Narayan, K. M. and Nasseri, K. and Norman, P. and O{\textquoteright}Donnell, M. and Omer, S. B. and Ortblad, K. and Osborne, R. and Ozgediz, D. and Pahari, B. and Pandian, J. D. and Rivero, A. P. and Padilla, R. P. and Perez-Ruiz, F. and Perico, N. and Phillips, D. and Pierce, K. and Pope, C. A., 3rd and Porrini, E. and Pourmalek, F. and Raju, M. and Ranganathan, D. and Rehm, J. T. and Rein, D. B. and Remuzzi, G. and Rivara, F. P. and Roberts, T. and De Leon, F. R. and Rosenfeld, L. C. and Rushton, L. and Sacco, R. L. and Salomon, J. A. and Sampson, U. and Sanman, E. and Schwebel, D. C. and Segui-Gomez, M. and Shepard, D. S. and Singh, D. and Singleton, J. and Sliwa, K. and Smith, E. and Steer, A. and Taylor, J. A. and Thomas, B. and Tleyjeh, I. M. and Towbin, J. A. and Truelsen, T. and Undurraga, E. A. and Venketasubramanian, N. and Vijayakumar, L. and Vos, T. and Wagner, G. R. and Wang, M. and Wang, W. and Watt, K. and Weinstock, M. A. and Weintraub, R. and Wilkinson, J. D. and Woolf, A. D. and Wulf, S. and Yeh, P. H. and Yip, P. and Zabetian, A. and Zheng, Z. J. and Lopez, A. D. and Murray, C. J. and AlMazroa, M. A. and Memish, Z. A.} }