

@article {14674,
	title = {Poliovirus surveillance by examining sewage specimens. {Quantitative} recovery of virus after introduction into sewerage at remote upstream location},
	journal = {Epidemiol Infect},
	volume = {127},
	year = {2001},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {101{\textendash}6},
	abstract = {In order to assess the feasibility of environmental poliovirus surveillance, known amounts of poliovirus type 1, strain Sabin, were flushed into the sewage network of Helsinki. Grab specimens collected at a remote downstream location and concentrated about a 100-fold revealed infectious poliovirus on four successive days in all three separate experiments. As for concentration, a simple two-phase separation method was found to be at least as useful as a several-fold more resource-demanding polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation method. Recovery of the introduced virus was remarkably high (more than 10\%). Using the current system, it might be possible to detect poliovirus circulation in a population of 700,000 people by examining a single 400 ml sewage specimen, if 1 out of 10,000 inhabitants were excreting the virus. It is concluded that environmental surveillance is a sensitive approach to monitor silent poliovirus circulation in populations served by a sewage network.},
	keywords = {Animals, Cell Line, Enterovirus B, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, FINLAND, Human/classification/isolation \& purification, Humans, Mice, Poliovirus/classification/*isolation \& purification, Serotyping, Sewage/*virology},
	issn = {0950-2688 (Print)},
	author = {Hovi, T. and Stenvik, M. and Partanen, H. and Kangas, A.}
}
