

@article {14579,
	title = {Survival of {Adenovirus}, {Rotavirus}, {Hepatitis} {A} {Virus}, {Pathogenic} {Bacteria} and {Bacterial} {Indicators} in {Ground} {Water}},
	journal = {World Applied Sciences Journal},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {337{\textendash}348},
	abstract = {The aim of this work is to study the survival of genome and infectious units of adenovirus type 40, rotavirus Wa strain and Hepatitis A virus (HAV) HM 175 adapted strain in Egyptian ground water at different temperatures and their relationships with the persistence of bacterial indicators and pathogenic bacteria. Also, study the effect of limestone on the same viruses and bacteria in ground water. The genome of adenovirus was the more stable and persistent followed by rotavirus Wa strain and finally HAV HM 175 adapted strain. There were gradual decreases in the genome of the three tested viruses parallel with the time. After 12 weeks, adenovirus type 40 genome copies reductions were 0.05 log10, 0.5 log10 and 1.5 log10 at 4{\textdegree}C, 22{\textdegree}C and 35{\textdegree}C respectively. Rotavirus genome copies reductions were 0.1 log10, 0.7 log10 and 2.3 log10 at 4{\textdegree}C 22{\textdegree}C and 35{\textdegree}C, respectively. HAV genome copies reductions were 0.2 log10, 0.8 log10 and 2.7 log10 at 4{\textdegree}C, 22{\textdegree}C and 35{\textdegree}C, respectively. The infectious units of adenovirus were the more stable and persistent than rotavirus Wa strain. There were gradual decreases in the infectious units of the two tested viruses parallel with the time. After 12 weeks, adenovirus infectious units reductions were 0.5 log10, 1.5 log10 and 3 log10 at 4{\textdegree}C, 22{\textdegree}C and 35{\textdegree}C, respectively.Rotavirus infectious units reductions were 0.7 log10, 1.8 log10 and 3.5 log10 at 4{\textdegree}C, 22{\textdegree}C and 35{\textdegree}C, respectively. Higher stability for the genomes of the three tested viruses and the infectious units of adenovirus and rotavirus than E. coli, Enterococcus fecalis, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus in ground water at 22{\textdegree}C after 12 weeks was observed. The results showed that, there were gradual decreases. One log10 reduction was recorded after 5 weeks for E coli, Salmonella spp. after 8 weeks for Staphylococcus aureus and after 9 weeks for Enterococcus fecalis when all of them were seeded separately. On the other hand bacterial indicators (E. coli and Enterococcus fecalis) had more survival than pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella Spp. and Staphylococcus aureus). The persistence of viruses and bacterial indicators as well as pathogenic bacteria in ground water treated with limestone was also studied. After 96 hours, the mean reductions of genome copies and infectious units were 0.9 log10, 1.2 log10 and 1.4 log10 for adenovirus type 40, rotavirus Wa strain and HAV HM 175 adapted strain genome copies, respectively and 1.8 log10 and 2.3 log10 for adenovirus type 40 and rotavirus Wa strain infectious units respectively in ground water treated with limestone (6.7 g/l). Also, the results showed that, decrease one log (removal 90\%) in flask which contained Salmonella spp. and E. coli treated with limestone was observed after 2 and 4 hours, respectively, the effect of limestone on bacterial indicators and pathogens was faster and higher than the effect on viral genome and infectious units.},
	author = {El-Senousy, W. M. and Osman, G. A. and Melegy, A. A.}
}
