

@article {1457,
	title = {Potential biosentinels of human waste in marine coastal waters: bioaccumulation of human noroviruses and enteroviruses from sewage-polluted waters by indigenous mollusks},
	journal = {Journal of Virological Methods},
	volume = {158},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Asahina, Audrey Y Lu, Y Wu, C Fujioka, R S Loh, P C eng Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. Netherlands 2009/02/07 09:00 J Virol Methods. 2009 Jun;158(1-2):46-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.01.013. Epub 2009 Feb 3.},
	pages = {46-50},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {<p>A major problem of existing methods to monitor for viral pathogens in large bodies of water (i.e., coastal waters) is in the initial viral recovery and concentration of these viruses. In this report, the indigenous filter-feeding bivalve mollusk, Isognomon sp., ubiquitous in the Indo-Pacific area, has been used successfully in this critical initial sequence (virus recovery) to bioaccumulate human enteropathogenic viruses from seawater seeded experimentally with either raw sewage or human norovirus-positive stool samples. Characteristic amplicons representing the human noroviruses (213 bp) and enteroviruses (196 bp) were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) employing specific primers. The data indicate the high feasibility of employing these mollusks to serve as practical biosentinels of waters contaminated with sewage in coastal and island communities.</p>
},
	keywords = {Animals Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring/*methods Humans Mollusca/*virology Norovirus/*isolation \& purification RNA, Viral/genetics Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Seawater/*virology Sewage/*virology},
	issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.01.013},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19195487},
	author = {Asahina, A. Y. and Lu, Y. and Wu, C. and Fujioka, R. S. and Loh, P. C.}
}
