

@article {14450,
	title = {Environmental surveillance for polioviruses in the {Global} {Polio} {Eradication} {Initiative}},
	journal = {J Infect Dis},
	volume = {210 Suppl 1},
	year = {2014},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {S294{\textendash}303},
	abstract = {This article summarizes the status of environmental surveillance (ES) used by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, provides the rationale for ES, gives examples of ES methods and findings, and summarizes how these data are used to achieve poliovirus eradication. ES complements clinical acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance for possible polio cases. ES detects poliovirus circulation in environmental sewage and is used to monitor transmission in communities. If detected, the genetic sequences of polioviruses isolated from ES are compared with those of isolates from clinical cases to evaluate the relationships among viruses. To evaluate poliovirus transmission, ES programs must be developed in a manner that is sensitive, with sufficiently frequent sampling, appropriate isolation methods, and specifically targeted sampling sites in locations at highest risk for poliovirus transmission. After poliovirus ceased to be detected in human cases, ES documented the absence of endemic WPV transmission and detected imported WPV. ES provides valuable information, particularly in high-density populations where AFP surveillance is of poor quality, persistent virus circulation is suspected, or frequent virus reintroduction is perceived. Given the benefits of ES, GPEI plans to continue and expand ES as part of its strategic plan and as a supplement to AFP surveillance.},
	keywords = {*Disease Eradication, *Environmental Monitoring, Epidemiological Monitoring, Humans, Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology/*prevention \& control/virology, Poliovirus/*isolation \& purification, Sewage/*virology},
	issn = {1537-6613 (Electronic) 0022-1899 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1093/infdis/jiu384 jiu384 [pii]},
	author = {Asghar, H. and Diop, O. M. and Weldegebriel, G. and Malik, F. and Shetty, S. and El Bassioni, L. and Akande, A. O. and Al Maamoun, E. and Zaidi, S. and Adeniji, A. J. and Burns, C. C. and Deshpande, J. and Oberste, M. S. and Lowther, S. A.}
}
