

@article {14285,
	title = {Persistency of bacterial indicators in biosolids stabilization with coal fly ash and lime.},
	journal = {Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation},
	volume = {73},
	number = {5},
	year = {2001},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {607{\textendash}11},
	abstract = {Alkaline coal fly ash and lime were tested for their effectiveness in pathogen removal from biosolids at different time intervals and temperatures. Coal fly ash at 10 and 35\% w/w was mixed with dewatered biosolids and then the ash-biosolids mixture was mixed separately with 0, 1.1, 2.2, 4.4, 8.5, 11, and 18\% calcium oxide (w/w on a dry weight basis) with and without heating to 55 degrees C. Total bacteria, salmonella, and total coliforms were monitored at various time intervals. Both ash-biosolids mixtures with or without lime amendment had a significantly lower total bacterial population than the biosolids control, but the residual indigenous bacterial flora in the ash and lime stabilized biosolids still maintained a population of greater than 10(4) g(-1) dry biosolids. Alkaline-stabilized biosolids with a lime amendment rate greater than 8.5\% could maintain pH greater than or equal to 12 for more than 2 hours, which effectively removed total coliforms and salmonella in the mixture. Heat treatment to 55 degrees C and a storage time of 14 days provided an added advantage resulting in a further reduction in pathogens for all treatments. It is recommended that 10\% ash-biosolids mixture should be amended with a minimum of 8.5\% lime on a dry weight basis for at least 2 hours to achieve acceptable levels of salmonella and total coliforms to ensure no pathogenic risk following land application.},
	keywords = {bacteria, Bacteria: drug effects, Bacteria: growth \& development, Bacteria: isolation \& purification, Calcium Compounds, Calcium Compounds: pharmacology, Carbon, Carbon: pharmacology, Chemical Precipitation, Coal, Coal Ash, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: drug effects, Enterobacteriaceae: growth \& development, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation \& purification, Hot Temperature, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Oxides, Oxides: pharmacology, Particulate Matter, Salmonella, Salmonella: drug effects, Salmonella: growth \& development, Salmonella: isolation \& purification, Time Factors},
	issn = {1061-4303},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11765997},
	author = {Wong, J W and Fang, M and Jiang, R}
}
