

@article {13749,
	title = {Hepatitis {A} virus in environmental water samples from the {Amazon} {Basin}},
	journal = {Water Research},
	volume = {41},
	number = {6},
	year = {2007},
	abstract = {Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a significant waterborne human pathogen. Of the global supply of potable water, Brazil retains 13\%, of which 75\% resides in the Amazon Basin. Although hepatitis A morbidity has declined progressively in Brazil as a whole, it remains high in the Amazon region. We used nested and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect and quantify the viral load in water samples from the Amazon Basin. Most samples tested positive (92\%), with viral loads varying from 60 to 5500 copies /L, depending on sanitary conditions and the degree of flooding. Nested RT-PCR of the VP1-2A region detected HAV RNA in 23\% of the samples. In low viral load samples, HAV was detected only with real-time RT-PCR, suggesting that this technique is useful for monitoring HAV contamination. The presence of HAV in water samples constitutes a serious public health problem. {\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2006.11.029},
	author = {De Paula, V.S. and Diniz-Mendes, L. and Villar, L.M. and Luz, S.L.B. and Silva, L.A. and Jesus, M.S. and da Silva, N.M.V.S. and Gaspar, A.M.C.}
}
