

@article {1369,
	title = {Microbial reduction in wastewater treatment using Fe(3+) and Al(3+) coagulants and PAA disinfectant},
	journal = {J Water Health},
	volume = {11},
	number = {4},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Pradhan, Surendra K Kauppinen, Ari Martikainen, Kati Pitkanen, Tarja Kusnetsov, Jaana Miettinen, Ilkka T Pessi, Matti Poutiainen, Hannu Heinonen-Tanski, Helvi Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England Journal of water and health J Water Health. 2013 Dec;11(4):581-9. doi: 10.2166/wh.2013.241.},
	pages = {581-9},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Wastewater is an important source of pathogenic enteric microorganisms in surface water and a major contaminating agent of drinking water. Although primary and secondary wastewater treatments reduce the numbers of microorganisms in wastewater, significant numbers of microbes can still be present in the effluent. The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of tertiary treatment for municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) using PIX (FeCl3) or PAX (AlCl3) coagulants and peracetic acid (PAA) the disinfectant to reduce microbial load in effluent. Our study showed that both PIX and PAX efficiently reduced microbial numbers. PAA disinfection greatly reduced the numbers of culturable indicator microorganisms (Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci, F-specific RNA coliphages and somatic DNA coliphages). In addition, pathogenic microorganisms, thermotolerant Campylobacter, Salmonella and norovirus GI, were successfully reduced using the tertiary treatments. In contrast, clostridia, Legionella, rotavirus, norovirus GII and adenovirus showed better resistance against PAA compared to the other microorganisms. However, interpretation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis results will need further studies to clarify the infectivity of the pathogenic microbes. In conclusion, PIX and PAX flocculants followed by PAA disinfectant can be used as a tertiary treatment for municipal WWTP effluents to reduce the numbers of indicator and pathogenic microorganisms.},
	keywords = {Aluminum/ chemistry Chemical Fractionation Coliphages/drug effects Disinfectants/pharmacology Iron/ chemistry Peracetic Acid/ pharmacology Waste Disposal, Fluid/ methods Water Microbiology Water Purification/methods},
	issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.2166/wh.2013.241},
	author = {Pradhan, S. K. and Kauppinen, A. and Martikainen, K. and Pitkanen, T. and Kusnetsov, J. and Miettinen, I. T. and Pessi, M. and Poutiainen, H. and Heinonen-Tanski, H.}
}
