

@article {13389,
	title = {{Bactericidal and virucidal mechanisms in the alkaline disinfection of compost using calcium lime and ash}},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
	volume = {181},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {721{\textendash}727},
	publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
	abstract = {In the present study, the bactericidal and virucidal mechanisms in the alkaline disinfection of compost with calcium lime and ash were investigated. Two indicator microorganisms, Escherichia coli and MS2 coliphage, were used as surrogates for enteric pathogens. The alkaline-treated compost with calcium oxide (CaO) or ash resulted primarily in damage to the outer membrane and enzyme activities of E. coli. The alkaline treatment of compost also led to the infectivity loss of the coliphage because of the partial capsid damage and RNA exteriorization due to a raised pH, which is proportional to the amount of alkaline agents added. These results indicate that the alkaline treatment of compost using calcium oxide and ash is effective and can contribute to the safe usage of compost from a mixing type dry toilet.},
	keywords = {Alkaline disinfection, Ash, Calcium oxide, Compost, Dry toilet, Pathogen},
	issn = {10958630},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.08.026},
	author = {Hijikata, Nowaki and Tezuka, Rui and Kazama, Shinobu and Otaki, Masahiro and Ushijima, Ken and Ito, Ryusei and Okabe, Satoshi and Sano, Daisuke and Funamizu, Naoyuki}
}
