

@inbook {1332,
	title = {Sand filters for removal of microbes and nutrients from wastewater during a one-year pilot study in a cold temperate climate},
	booktitle = {J Environ Manage},
	volume = {133},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Kauppinen, Ari Martikainen, Kati Matikka, Ville Veijalainen, Anna-Maria Pitkanen, Tarja Heinonen-Tanski, Helvi Miettinen, Ilkka T Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Journal of environmental management S0301-4797(13)00748-2 [pii] J Environ Manage. 2014 Jan 15;133:206-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.12.008. Epub 2013 Dec 31.},
	pages = {206-13},
	publisher = {2013 Elsevier Ltd},
	organization = {2013 Elsevier Ltd},
	type = {Book Section},
	address = {England},
	abstract = {Onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) are recognised as potential threats to groundwater or other water environments subject to discharged effluents. In this study, the microbiological and nutrient removal properties of three different pilot-scale sand filters (SFs) were followed over a one-year period. Moreover, a separate phosphorus removal unit was tested for six months. For the best treatment system, the average log removals were 2.2-3.5 for pathogenic human noro- and adenoviruses and 4.3-5.2 and 4.6-5.4 for indicator viruses and bacteria, respectively. The system that effectively removed microbes was also efficient at removing nutrients. However, the poorest treatment system yielded substantially lower removals. The remarkable differences noted between the studied SFs highlights the importance of construction materials and the careful planning of the filters. Moreover, seasonal conditions appear to have a clear effect on purification efficiencies, emphasising the vulnerability of these systems especially in cold climates.},
	keywords = {Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification Base Sequence Cold Temperature Coliphages/isolation \& purification DNA Primers Finland Norovirus/isolation \& purification Pilot Projects Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Silicon Dioxide Waste Water/ chemistry/ viro},
	isbn = {1095-8630 (Electronic) 0301-4797 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.12.008},
	author = {Kauppinen, A. and Martikainen, K. and Matikka, V. and Veijalainen, A. M. and Pitkanen, T. and Heinonen-Tanski, H. and Miettinen, I. T.}
}
