

@inbook {1288,
	title = {Surveillance of adenoviruses and noroviruses in European recreational waters},
	booktitle = {Water Res},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Wyn-Jones, A Peter Carducci, Annalaura Cook, Nigel D{\textquoteright}Agostino, Martin Divizia, Maurizio Fleischer, Jens Gantzer, Christophe Gawler, Andrew Girones, Rosina Holler, Christiane de Roda Husman, Ana Maria Kay, David Kozyra, Iwona Lopez-Pila, Juan Muscillo, Michele Nascimento, Maria Sao Jose Papageorgiou, George Rutjes, Saskia Sellwood, Jane Szewzyk, Regine Wyer, Mark Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Water research S0043-1354(10)00710-4 [pii] Water Res. 2011 Jan;45(3):1025-38. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.015. Epub 2010 Oct 29.},
	pages = {1025-38},
	publisher = {A 2010 Elsevier Ltd},
	organization = {A 2010 Elsevier Ltd},
	type = {Book Section},
	address = {England},
	abstract = {Exposure to human pathogenic viruses in recreational waters has been shown to cause disease outbreaks. In the context of Article 14 of the revised European Bathing Waters Directive 2006/7/EC (rBWD, CEU, 2006) a Europe-wide surveillance study was carried out to determine the frequency of occurrence of two human enteric viruses in recreational waters. Adenoviruses were selected based on their near-universal shedding and environmental survival, and noroviruses (NoV) selected as being the most prevalent gastroenteritis agent worldwide. Concentration of marine and freshwater samples was done by adsorption/elution followed by molecular detection by (RT)-PCR. Out of 1410 samples, 553 (39.2\%) were positive for one or more of the target viruses. Adenoviruses, detected in 36.4\% of samples, were more prevalent than noroviruses (9.4\%), with 3.5\% GI and 6.2\% GII, some samples being positive for both GI and GII. Of 513 human adenovirus-positive samples, 63 (12.3\%) were also norovirus-positive, whereas 69 (7.7\%) norovirus-positive samples were adenovirus-negative. More freshwater samples than marine water samples were virus-positive. Out of a small selection of samples tested for adenovirus infectivity, approximately one-quarter were positive. Sixty percent of 132 nested-PCR adenovirus-positive samples analysed by quantitative PCR gave a mean value of over 3000 genome copies per L of water. The simultaneous detection of infectious adenovirus and of adenovirus and NoV by (RT)PCR suggests that the presence of infectious viruses in recreational waters may constitute a public health risk upon exposure. These studies support the case for considering adenoviruses as an indicator of bathing water quality.},
	keywords = {Adenoviridae/genetics/ isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring Europe Fresh Water/ virology Norovirus/genetics/ isolation \& purification Recreation Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Seawater/ virology Water Microbiology},
	isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.015},
	author = {Wyn-Jones, A. P. and Carducci, A. and Cook, N. and D{\textquoteright}Agostino, M. and Divizia, M. and Fleischer, J. and Gantzer, C. and Gawler, A. and Girones, R. and Holler, C. and A M De Roda Husman and Kay, D. and Kozyra, I. and Lopez-Pila, J. and Muscillo, M. and Nascimento, M. S. and Papageorgiou, G. and Rutjes, S. and Sellwood, J. and Szewzyk, R. and Wyer, M.}
}
