

@article {1236,
	title = {Real-time PCR detection of adenoviruses, polyomaviruses, and torque teno viruses in river water in Japan},
	journal = {Water Research},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Haramoto, Eiji Kitajima, Masaaki Katayama, Hiroyuki Ohgaki, Shinichiro Water research S0043-1354(09)00798-2 [pii] Water Res. 2010 Mar;44(6):1747-52. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.11.043. Epub 2009 Nov 27. Haramoto, E Katayama, H Oguma, K Ohgaki, S Journal of applied microbiology JAM3453 [pii] J Appl Microbiol. 2007 Dec;103(6):2153-9. Kishida, Naohiro Asami, Mari Akiba, Michihiro Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Food and environmental virology Food Environ Virol. 2012 Sep;4(3):93-101. doi: 10.1007/s12560-012-9082-0. Epub 2012 Jul 4.},
	pages = {1747-52},
	type = {Book Section},
	abstract = {<p>The prevalence of DNA viruses in water from the Tamagawa River, Japan was quantitatively surveyed for 6months, from April to September 2003. A total of 18 river water samples were subjected to virus concentration method using an electronegative membrane, followed by DNA extraction and direct quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for DNA viruses. Adenoviruses of serotypes 40 and 41 were detected most frequently in the river water samples tested (61.1\%), at a concentration ranging from 3.16x10(3) to 1.38x10(5) copies/l, followed by JC polyomaviruses (11.1\%) and torque teno viruses (5.6\%). No sample was positive for BK polyomaviruses. In addition, for selective detection of virus particles, adenoviruses 40 and 41 were tested with qPCR combined with an immunomagnetic separation technique; they were detected in only 16.7\% of the samples, showing a concentration ranging from 7.42x10(2) to 4.24x10(4) copies/l. This study is significant since it is the first study to demonstrate the prevalence of polyomaviruses in water samples in Japan and to use immunomagnetic separation qPCR to detect adenovirus particles in aquatic environments. AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine human adenoviruses (HuAdVs) in aquatic environments by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). METHODS AND RESULTS: In order to describe the ratio of enteric serotypes to the total HuAdVs, the primer set specific for the enteric serotypes 40 and 41 was used in parallel with the universal primer set for all 51 serotypes of HuAdVs. The enteric serotypes of HuAdVs were detected at the concentration of 7.3-1500 PCR-detection units (PDU) per ml in raw sewage (n = 17), 0.00060-4.1 PDU ml(-1) in secondary-treated sewage before chlorination (n = 17), 0.0018-7.0 PDU ml(-1) in river water (n = 36), and 0.032-6.1 PDU ml(-1) in seawater (n = 18). The concentration of HuAdVs, determined by the universal primer set, was equivalent to that of enteric serotypes in almost all the samples tested. CONCLUSIONS: Enteric serotypes were predominant among all serotypes of HuAdVs in the aquatic environments. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The abundance of enteric serotypes of HuAdVs should be more emphasized than other serotypes in order to assess the risk of their infection via water. A nationwide survey of viruses, protozoa, and indicator microorganisms in drinking water sources of Japan was conducted. Among 64 surface water samples collected from 16 drinking water treatment plants, 51 (80 \%) samples were positive for at least one of the 11 pathogen types tested, including noroviruses of genogroups I (positive rate, 13 \%) and II (2 \%), human sapoviruses (5 \%), human adenoviruses of serotypes 40 and 41 (39 \%), Cryptosporidium oocysts (41 \%), and Giardia cysts (36 \%). Total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and F-specific coliphages were detected in 63 (98 \%), 33 (52 \%), and 17 (27 \%) samples, respectively, and E. coli was judged to be the most suitable indicator of pathogen contamination of drinking water sources. Genogroup-specific real-time PCR for F-specific coliphages revealed the presence of F-specific RNA coliphages of animal genogroup I and human genogroups II and III in 13 (41 \%), 12 (39 \%), and 1 (3 \%), respectively, of 31 plaques isolated.</p>
},
	keywords = {Adenoviridae/ genetics/isolation \& purification BK Virus/genetics/isolation \& purification Immunomagnetic Separation JC Virus/genetics/isolation \& purification Japan Polyomavirus/ genetics/isolation \& purification Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Re, DNA, Human/genetics/ isolation \& purification DNA, Human/transmission Adenoviruses, Viral/analysis Environmental Monitoring/ methods Humans Intestines/ virology Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Rivers Seawater Serotyping Sewage Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification Coliphages/isolation \& purification Cryptosporidi, Viral/genetics/isolation \& purification Sapovirus/isolation \& purification Sequence Analysis},
	isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking) 1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking) 1867-0342 (Electronic)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.11.043 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03453.x 10.1007/s12560-012-9082-0},
	author = {Haramoto, E. and Kitajima, M. and Katayama, H. and Ohgaki, S. and Oguma, K. and Kishida, N. and Asami, M. and Akiba, M.}
}
