

@article {10998,
	title = {Inactivation of {Ascaris} {Eggs} in {Source}-{Separated} {Urine} and {Feces} by {Ammonia} at {Ambient} {Temperatures}},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {75},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {662{\textendash}667},
	abstract = {Sustainable management of toilet waste must prevent disease transmission but allow reuse of plant nutrients. Inactivation of uterus-derived Ascaris suum eggs was studied in relation to ammonia in source-separated urine without additives and in human feces to which urea had been added, in order to evaluate ammonia-based sanitation for production of safe fertilizers from human excreta. Urine was used concentrated or diluted 1:1 and 1:3 with tap water at 4, 14, 24, and 34{\textdegree}C. Fecal material, with and without ash, was treated with 1\% or 2\% (wt/wt) urea at 24 and 34{\textdegree}C. At 34{\textdegree}C eggs were inactivated in less than 10 days in urine and in amended feces. At 24{\textdegree}C only feces with 2\% (wt/wt) urea or 1\% (wt/wt) urea at high pH (10) inactivated all eggs within 1 month, and no inactivation was observed after 75 days in urine diluted 1:3 (18 {\textpm} 11 mM NH3). At temperatures of >=24{\textdegree}C, NH3 proved to be an efficient sanitizing agent in urine and feces at concentrations of >=60 mM. Treating fecal material at 34{\textdegree}C can give a 6-log10 egg inactivation within 1 month, whereas at 24{\textdegree}C 6 months of treatment is necessary for the same level of egg inactivation. At temperatures of 14{\textdegree}C and below, inactivation rates were low, with viable eggs after 6 months even in concentrated urine.},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.01250-08},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/75/3/662.abstract},
	author = {Nordin, Annika and Nyberg, Karin and Vinner{\r a}s, Bj{\"o}rn}
}
